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BANACH SPACES

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  Banach spaces [ edit ] Main article:  Banach space Banach spaces , introduced by  Stefan Banach , are complete normed vector spaces. [48] A first example is  the vector space  ℓ �  consisting of infinite vectors with real entries  � = ( � 1 , � 2 , … , � � , … )  whose  � -norm   ( 1 ≤ � ≤ ∞ )  given by ‖ � ‖ ∞ := sup � | � � |  for  � = ∞ ,  and  ‖ � ‖ � := ( ∑ � | � � | � ) 1 �  for  � < ∞ . The topologies on the infinite-dimensional space  ℓ �  are inequivalent for different  � .  For example, the sequence of vectors  � � = ( 2 − � , 2 − � , … , 2 − � , 0 , 0 , … ) ,  in which the first  2 �  components are  2 − �  and the following ones are  0 ,  converges to the  zero vector  for  � = ∞ ,  but does not for  � = 1 : ‖ � � ‖ ∞ = sup ( 2 − � , 0 ) = 2 − � → 0 , but ‖ � � ‖ 1 = ∑ � = 1 2 � 2 − � = 2 � ⋅ 2 − � = 1....